Cefalea por abuso de medicamentos y sus marcadores clínicos / Medication overuse headache and its specific clinical markers

Resumen Introducción: Los marcadores clínicos de la cefalea por uso excesivo de medicación (CMA) se basan en la clasificación de las cefaleas desarrollada por la Sociedad Internacional de Cefaleas (IHS). Esta clasificación incluye sólo dos criterios: la frecuencia de los días de cefalea debe ser de 15 o más días al mes durante al menos tres o más meses; - y el número de días de uso excesivo de la medicación debe ser de 10 o 15 días al mes dependiendo del tipo de medicación. Sin embargo, los pacientes suelen tener otros marcadores clínicos asociados distintos, que la mayoría de los médicos pasan por alto durante la evaluación inicial. Metodología: Este estudio es un estudio prospectivo, longitudinal y observacional de 76 pacientes ingresados en la Unidad de Cefaleas del hospital DIPRECA. Todos ellos fueron diagnosticados de HMO según los criterios establecidos por su ICHD III beta.(1) Los pacientes recibieron un tratamiento estándar que incluía desintoxicación y medicación preventiva y fueron seguidos durante 6 meses. Se registraron los síntomas de interés en cada visita de seguimiento clínico y se administraron escalas de evaluación como Zung, MIDAS, HIT-6. Resultados: Los medicamentos sobreutilizados incluyeron antiinflamatorios no esteroideos (AINE), triptanes y cornezuelos. Los síntomas clínicos más significativos asociados fueron: despertar por la mañana con dolor de cabeza, despertar al paciente al amanecer por dolor de cabeza, dificultades de atención, depresión, dolor cervical y síndrome de dolor miofascial. Todos los síntomas mejoraron significativamente al iniciar el tratamiento, al igual que la calidad de vida medida por las escalas MIDAS y HIT-6. Discusión: Al evaluar a los pacientes con HMO, hay que tener en cuenta tanto los criterios diagnósticos de la ICHD III beta como los síntomas comunes y específicos que se observan en la mayoría de los casos de HMO.

Introduction: Clinical markers of medication overuse headache (MOH) are based on headache classification developed by the International Headache Society (IHS). This classification include only two criteria: frequency of headache days must be 15 or more days per month for at least three or more months; - and the number of days of overuse medication must be either 10 or 15 days per month depending on the type of medication. However, patients often have others distinct associated clinical markers, which are overlooked by most physicians during the initial evaluation. Methodology: This study is a prospective, longitudinal and observational study of 76 patients admitted to DIPRECA´s hospital Headache Unit. They were all diagnosed with, MOH according to the criteria established by the his ICHD III beta.(1) Patients were given standard treatment including detoxification and preventive medications and followed for 6 months. Symptoms of interest were recorded in at each clinical monitoring visit and assessment scales such as Zung, MIDAS, HIT-6 were administered. Results: Overused medications included nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), triptans and ergots. The most significant clinical symptoms associated were: awaking in the morning with headache, awaking the patient at dawn by headache, attention difficulties, depression, cervical pain and myofascial pain syndrome. All symptoms significantly improved when treatment began, as did quality of life as measured by MIDAS and HIT-6 scales. Discussion: In evaluating patients with MOH consider both the ICHD III beta diagnostic criteria and the common and specific symptoms seen in most cases of MOH.

Panorama de la automedicación en estudiantes de educación superior: una mirada global / Overview of self-medication in higher education students: a global view / Panorama da automedicação em estudantes do ensino superior: uma visão global

Introducción: La automedicación es una práctica que llevan a cabo especialmente los jóvenes universitarios, al percibirse inmunes a enfermedades, sin tener en cuenta los efectos sobre el uso de fármacos sin prescripción. Objetivo: Analizar los hallazgos de la literatura existente sobre la automedicación en estudiantes de educación superior. Materiales y métodos: Se em-pleó la metodología Scoping Review, utilizando los términos DeCS y MeSH en español, in-glés y portugués en cuanto a: "automedicación", "estudiantes", "educación superior", "COV-ID-19". A continuación, se articularon las ecuaciones de búsqueda empleando los operadores booleanos AND y OR, en las bases de datos: IBECS, Scielo, BVS, Google Scholar, LILACS, Science Direct y Pubmed. Al respecto se limitó el tiempo de publicación entre 2016 ­ 2021. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 23 artículos, consolidando seis núcleos temáticos: motivos para automedicarse; grupos farmacológicos que se consumen; fuentes de recomendación; factores sociodemográficos; semestres y programas académicos; y, conocimientos sobre los riesgos de la automedicación. Los analgésicos son los medicamentos que más se consumen, siendo el principal motivo de uso el dolor de cabeza. Los farmacéuticos junto con los medios de comunicación suelen ser fuentes de recomendación. Predominaron bajos niveles de cono-cimiento acerca de los riesgos de la automedicación. Conclusiones: La literatura indica que este problema de salud pública es cada vez mayor y evidencia la necesidad de abordarlo con estrategias eficaces

Introduction: Self-medication is a practice carried out especially by university students, be-cause they perceive themselves to be immune to effects on their health as a result of the use of non-prescription drugs. Objective: To analyze the findings of the existing literature on self-medication in higher education students. Materials and Methods: The Scoping Review methodology was used, using the DeCS and MeSH terms in Spanish, English and Portuguese "self-medication", "students", "higher education", "COVID-19", articulating them by creat-ing search equations using Boolean operators. AND and OR, in the databases: IBECS, Scielo, VHL, Google Scholar, LILACS, Science Direct and Pubmed, limiting the publication time between 2016 - 2021. Results: 23 articles were obtained, consolidating six thematic nuclei: reasons for self-medicate; pharmacological groups consumed; recommendation sources; so-ciodemographic factors; semesters and academic programs; and, knowledge about the risks of self-medication. Analgesics are the most consumed medications, with headaches being the main reason for use. Pharmacists along with the media are often sources of recommendation. Low levels of knowledge about the risks of self-medication prevailed. Conclusions: The literature indicates that this public health problem is increasing and evidences the need to address it with effective strategies.

Introdução: A automedicação é uma prática realizada principalmente por estudantes uni-versitários, pois se percebem imunes aos efeitos sobre sua saúde decorrentes do uso de me-dicamentos isentos de prescrição. Objetivo: Analisar os achados da literatura existente so-bre automedicação em estudantes do ensino superior. Materiais e Métodos: Foi utilizada a metodologia Scoping Review, utilizando os termos DeCS e MeSH em espanhol, inglês e português "automedicação", "alunos", "ensino superior", "COVID-19", articulando-os através da criação de equações de busca utilizando operadores booleanos AND e OR, nas bases de dados: IBECS, Scielo, BVS, Google Acadêmico, LILACS, Science Direct e Pu-bmed, limitando o tempo de publicação entre 2016 - 2021. Resultados: Obtiveram-se 23 artigos, consolidando seis núcleos temáticos: motivos para automedicação; grupos farma-cológicos consumidos; fontes de recomendação; fatores sociodemográficos; semestres e pro-gramas acadêmicos; e, conhecimento sobre os riscos da automedicação. Os analgésicos são os medicamentos mais consumidos, sendo as dores de cabeça o principal motivo de uso. Os farmacêuticos junto com a mídia são muitas vezes fontes de recomendação. Predominaram baixos níveis de conhecimento sobre os riscos da automedicação. Conclusões: A literatura in-dica que este problema de saúde pública é crescente e evidencia a necessidade de enfrentá-lo com estratégias eficazes

Medication discrepancies in a hospital in Southern Brazil: the importance of medication reconciliation for patient safety

Medication discrepancies are of great concern in hospitals because they pose risks to patients and increase health care costs. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence of inconsistent medication prescriptions to adult patients admitted to a hospital in southern Santa Catarina, Brazil. This was a patient safety study on patients recruited between November 2015 and June 2016. The participants were interviewed and had their medical records reviewed. Discrepant medications were considered those that did not match between the list of medicines taken at home and the prescribed drugs for treatment in a hospital setting. Of the 394 patients included, 98.5% took continuous-use medications at home, with an average of 5.5 medications per patient. Discrepancies totaled 80.2%, The independent variables associated with the discrepancies were systemic arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, vascular disease, number of medications taken at home, and poor documentation of the medications in the medical record. Findings from this study allowed us to conclude there was a high rate of prescription medication misuse. Medication reconciliation is crucial in reducing these errors. Pharmacists can help reduce these medication-related errors and the associated risks and complications.

Soledad social en ancianos hospitalizados en el servicio de Geriatría. Hospital "Comandante Faustino Pérez" / Social loneliness in elder people hospitalized in the Geriatrics service. Clinical Surgical Hospital "Comandante Faustino Pérez"

RESUMEN Introducción: la soledad social se define como la experiencia subjetiva de insatisfacción frente a la sociedad en la que se vive; en términos de estilos de vida, de valores y de uso de nuevas tecnologías, entre otros aspectos. Objetivo: caracterizar la soledad social en los adultos mayores hospitalizados. Materiales y método: se realizó un estudio observacional, descriptivo, transversal en pacientes que ingresaron en el servicio de Geriatría del Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico "Comandante Faustino Pérez", provincia Matanzas, desde octubre 2015 - 2016. El universo estuvo constituido por 212 pacientes que vivían en compañía y no padecían de demencia, confusión mental ni enfermedades graves. Para la recogida de la información se aplicó al universo de estudio la Escala ESTE II de soledad social, validada a nivel nacional e internacional para identificar el nivel de soledad social. Se utilizaron métodos de estadística descriptiva. Los resultados se presentaron en tablas. Resultados: alto nivel de soledad social en los ancianos estudiados, en el grupo atareo de 60-70 años, sin pareja, de bajo nivel de escolaridad y con enfermedades crónicas. Insuficiente percepción de apoyo y participación social, así como un limitado uso de las nuevas tecnologías. Conclusiones: predominó alto nivel de sentimiento de soledad en los ancianos, asociado a insuficiente percepción de apoyo y participación social, más un bajo acceso a las nuevas tecnologías (AU).

ABSTRACT Introduction: social loneliness is defined as the subjective experience of dissatisfaction toward society in which one lives, in terms of lifestyles, values ​​and use of new technologies among others. Objective: to characterize social loneliness in hospitalized elder adults. Material and Method: a cross-sectional, observational, descriptive, study was conducted in patients admitted to the Geriatrics Service of the Clinical Surgical Hospital "Comandante Faustino Pérez", province of Matanzas, in the period October 2015 - 2016. The universe was formed by 212 patients who lived accompanied and did not suffer from dementia, mental confusion nor serious illnesses. For collecting the information of the studied universe, the authors used the ESTE II Scale of social loneliness validated at national and international level to identify the level of social loneliness. Descriptive statistical methods were used and the results were shown in tables. Results: high level of social loneliness in studied elder people of the 60-70 years-old group, without a partner, with a low level of scholarship and with chronic diseases. They had an insufficient perception of support and social participation, as well as made a limited use of the new technologies. Conclusions: a high level of the loneliness feeling predominated in elder people, associated to an insufficient perception of support and social participation, plus a low access to the new technologies (AU).

Síntomas de ansiedad y abuso de medicamentos en pacientes con migraña crónica de Trujillo, Perú / Symptoms of anxiety and medication abuse in patients with chronic migraine from Trujillo, Peru

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la relación del abuso de medicamentos y síntomas de ansiedad en pacientes adultos ambulatorios con migraña crónica en la Clínica SANNA /Sánchez Ferrer, Trujillo-Perú. Material Y Método: Estudio transversal, con una muestra de 104 pacientes con migraña crónica con y sin abuso de medicamentos. Se reportan frecuencias absolutas, relativas, promedio y DE según el tipo de variable. En el análisis bivariado por medio del Chi2 de Homogeneidad y nivel del análisis multivariado, utilizando regresión de Modelos Lineales Generalizados, familia Poisson y Poisson con varianza robusta. Resultados: Encontramos 96 (92.3%) pacientes de sexo femenino, con una edad media y DE 37.1 ± 9.6. A nivel general, 1 de cada 3 pacientes tenían síntomas de ansiedad y 1 de cada 2 pacientes reportaron abuso de medicamentos. La proporción de pacientes con síntomas de ansiedad fue tres veces mayor en el grupo con abuso de medicamentos que aquellos sin abuso de medicamentos. Los pacientes ambulatorios con migraña crónica que abusan de medicamentos tienen 2.28 veces mayor riesgo de padecer síntomas de ansiedad, que aquellos que no abusan de medicamentos. Conclusiones: Los pacientes ambulatorios con migraña crónica que abusan de medicamentos tienen mayor riesgo de padecer síntomas de ansiedad. Por lo tanto, es necesario incorporar soporte psicológico a todos los pacientes con abuso de medicamentos y prevenir efectos secundarios de ese abuso.

Objective: To determine the relationship of medication abuse and anxiety symptoms in adult outpatients with chronic migraine in the SANNA / Sánchez Ferrer Clinic, Trujillo-Peru. Material And Method: Cross-sectional study, with a sample of 104 patients with chronic migraine with and without medication abuse. Absolute, relative, average and SD frequencies are reported according to the type of variable. In the bivariate analysis through the Chi2 of Homogeneity and level of the multivariate analysis, using regression of Generalized Linear Models, Poisson and Poisson family with robust variance. Results: We found 96 (92.3%) female patients, with a mean age and SD 37.1 ± 9.6. Overall, 1 in 3 patients had anxiety symptoms and 1 in 2 patients reported medication abuse. The proportion of patients with anxiety symptoms was three times higher in the group with medication abuse than those without medication abuse. Outpatients with chronic migraine who abuse medications are 2.28 times more at risk of anxiety symptoms than those who do not abuse medications. Conclusions: Outpatients with chronic migraine who abuse medications have a higher risk of anxiety symptoms. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate psychological support to all patients with medication abuse and prevent side effects of that abuse.

Controvérsias em torno do uso experimental da cloroquina / hidroxicloroquina contra a Covid-19: "no magic bullet" / Controversies about the experimental use of chloroquine / hydroxychloroquine against Covid-19: "no magic bullet"

Resumo O artigo apresenta um panorama dos testes clínicos conduzidos em 2020, que visam produzir evidências sobre a eficácia de dois medicamentos utilizados experimentalmente contra a Covid-19 - hidroxicloroquina e cloroquina -, desde que se passou a cogitar eficácia de seu uso, seja no tratamento de doentes graves, de infectados sem quadro clínico importante, ou mesmo como agente preventivo. Foram utilizados dados secundários - bancos de dados de testes clínicos, material da mídia e literatura especializada. Em meio à urgência de tratamentos para contenção da pandemia, o uso experimental gerou controvérsias inicialmente no meio científico, mas que acabaram por ser fortemente capturadas politicamente. Líderes como Trump e Bolsonaro, em discursos mal fundamentados, têm se declarado altamente favoráveis ao uso desses medicamentos, gerando uma minimização da gravidade da epidemia e, simultaneamente, negligenciando a necessidade de elevação importante de gastos públicos em saúde. Face às frágeis evidências científicas produzidas, a euforia social em torno desses medicamentos e sua promoção suscitou exageros e comportamentos irracionais, como automedicação. Esperar-se-ia de governantes e gestores de nações democráticas, muito mais cautela e responsabilidade, que contribuíssem na construção de respostas cientificamente embasadas, racionais e eficazes ao controle da pandemia, protegendo a saúde de suas populações, pressuposto do poder de Estado.

Abstract The article presents an overview of clinical tests conducted in 2020, which aim to produce evidence on the efficacy of two drugs used experimentally against Covid-19 - hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine -, since the effectiveness of their use, whether in the treatment of seriously ill, infected with no significant clinical condition, or even as a preventive agent. Secondary data were used - clinical test databases, media material and specialized literature. Considering the urgency of treatments to contain the pandemic, the experimental use generated controversies initially in the scientific environment, but which ended up being strongly captured politically. Leaders like Trump and Bolsonaro, in ill-founded speeches, have declared themselves highly favorable to the use of these drugs, generating a minimization of the severity of the epidemic and, simultaneously, neglecting the need for significant increase in public spending on health. In view of the fragile scientific evidence produced, the social euphoria surrounding these drugs and their promotion led to exaggerations and irrational behaviors, such as self-medication. It would be expected from governments and managers of democratic nations, much more caution and responsibility, to contribute to the construction of scientifically based, rational and effective responses to the control of the pandemic, protecting the health of their populations, an assumption of state power.

Increase of binucleated cells in the oral mucosa: a study on the use of psychotropics by students of a Brazilian institution

SUMMARY This study aimed to assess the prevalence of medical and nonmedical use of psychiatric medication among undergraduate students of health sciences from a public university in Brasil. Another objective was to determine the frequency of nuclear morphological abnormalities in the buccal mucosa of students using psychiatric drugs. A cross-sectional study based on a Web survey was carried out with 375 health sciences undergraduate students from schools of Pharmacy, Physical Education, Nutrition, and Medicine. Additionally, spontaneous genetic damages in exfoliated cells of the buccal mucosa of 41 individuals by counting micronucleus (MN) and binucleated (BN) cells frequencies were evaluated. The results showed 76 (20.3%) of students reported the use of psychotropic drugs after enrolling in university. The majority of these students were from Pharmacy and Medicine programs, females, aged between 18-25 years old, nonsmokers, alcohol addicts, and with a family history of mental illness. In addition, Medical students, individuals with high-income, who live alone and are in the last period of the program are more likely to use psychotropic drugs. Moreover, exposure to psychiatric medication was able to increase the number of binucleated cells. These results provide evidence that the use of psychoactive drugs is increased in the academic context and may be related to the failure of the cell cycle.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a prevalência de uso médico e não médico de medicação psiquiátrica entre estudantes de graduação em Ciências da Saúde de uma universidade pública do Brasil. Outro objetivo foi determinar a frequência de anormalidades nucleares morfológicas na mucosa bucal desses estudantes. Realizou-se um estudo transversal baseado na Web com 375 estudantes de graduação em Ciências da Saúde das escolas de Farmácia, Educação Física, Nutrição e Medicina. Adicionalmente, danos genéticos espontâneos em células esfoliadas da mucosa bucal de 41 indivíduos foram analisados para estudo da frequência de micronúcleos e células binucleadas. Os resultados mostraram que 76 (20,8%) dos estudantes relataram que usaram drogas psicotrópicas após se matricularem na universidade. O uso desses medicamentos foi maior entre estudantes de cursos de Farmácia e Medicina, sexo feminino, idade entre 18 e 25 anos, não tabagistas, alcoolistas e histórico familiar de doença mental. Além disso, estudantes de Medicina, indivíduos com alta renda, que moram sozinhos e estão no último período do curso são mais propensos a usar drogas psicotrópicas. Ademais, a exposição à medicação psiquiátrica foi capaz de aumentar o número de células binucleadas. Esses resultados fornecem evidências de que o uso de drogas psicotrópicas aumenta no contexto acadêmico e pode estar relacionado à falha do ciclo celular.

Uso inapropiado de diuréticos: Algunas características no tan conocidas / Diuretic misuse: Some not so well known characteristics

Entre las situaciones asociadas al uso inapropiado de diuréticos se encuentran los intentos por descencer rápidamente de peso, comunes en los desordenes de la alimentación, y los intentos por enmascarar el consumo de otras sustancias, en el caso de las competencias deportivas. El uso sin indicación ni supervisión médica de estos fármacos genera un desbalance electrolítico, que puede manifestarse con hiponatremia, hipocalemia, hipocalcemia e hipomagnesemia, hipercalemia, entre otras alteraciones. El objetivo de este trabajo fue investigar las caracteríscas del uso inapropiado de diuréticos a partir de la casuística del CENATOXA. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo restrospectivo sobre los análisis ingresados al CENATOXA con solicitud de investigación cualitativa de diuréticos en orina, entre los años 2002 y 2016. En dicho período ingresaron al CENATOXA 138 casos, de los cuales el 56 % resultó positivo para algún diurético. Del total de casos con resultado positivo, el 93,5 % fueron mujeres entre 25 y 55 años de edad y predominó la etiología intencional. Los diuréticos mayoritariamente encontrados fueron hidroclorotiazida y furosemida. El perfil de diuréticos hasta el año 2008 (hidroclorotiazida = 68% de los casos positivos) se diferenció del hallado entre 2009 y 2016 (furosemida + hidroclorotiazida = 60% de los casos positivos). Se observó recurrencia en el uso inapropiado en el 8% de los casos. El uso simultáneo de más de un diurético y la recurrencia son factores que pueden contribuir a la aparición de toxicidad. Estos resultados sugieren que el uso inapropiado de diuréticos es una situación que debería ser ob­servada más atentamente para establecer mejor su alcance y sus riesgos.

Among the situations associated with diuretics misuse are the attempts to lose weight fast, frequently observed in eating disorders, and the attempts to mask the consumption of other substances, in the case of sports competitions. The use of these drugs with no medical indication or supervision generates an electrolyte imbalance, leading to hyponatremia, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia and hypomagnesemia, hyperkalemia, among other alterations. The objective of this work was to investigate the characteristics of diuretics misuse from the CENATOXA database, where the qualitative investigation of diuretics in urine is per­formed. A descriptive retrospective study was conducted on the cases admitted to the CENATOXA with a request for qualitative diuretic investigation, between 2002 and 2016. During this period, 138 urine samples were received at the CENATOXA and 56% were positive for at least one diuretic. Of all cases with positive results, 93.5% were women between 25 and 55 years of age, and intentional etiology predominated. The most detected diuretics were hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide. The diuretic misuse pattern detected up to 2008 (hydrochlorothiazide = 68% of positive cases) differed from that detected between 2009 and 2016 (furosemide + hydrochlorothiazide = 60% of positive cases). Recurrence in misuse was observed in 8% of the cases. The simul­taneous misuse of more than one diuretic and the recurrence are factors that can contribute to the onset of toxicity. These results suggest that diuretic misuse is a situation that should be observed more closely to better assess its consequences and its risks.

Estudio de prescripción-indicación en pacientes con antimicrobianos de amplio espectro en medicina interna de un hospital del Ecuador / Pharmacotherapeutic Follow-up in Patients with Broad-spectrum Antimicrobial in Internal Medicine of a Hospital in Ecuador / Estudo de prescrição-indicação em pacientes com antimicrobianos de amplo espectro em medicina interna de um hospital do Equador

Resumen Introducción: desde hace varios años existe preocupación por el incremento específico en el consumo de antimicrobianos por los problemas que estos generan. Por tal motivo se decidió diseñar un programa de atención farmacéutica en pacientes hospitalizados en servicios abiertos para evitar el desarrollo de problemas relacionados con medicamentos asociados con antimicrobianos. Materiales y métodos: se realizó un estudio retrospectivo de utilización de medicamentos, del tipo prescripción-indicación en una muestra de estudio de 25 pacientes que recibieron antimicrobianos de amplio espectro en el área de medicina interna del hospital José María Velasco Ibarra desde abril hasta julio del 2016. Resultados: el 76 % de los pacientes fueron mujeres. La patología más frecuente que requirió la utilización de antimicrobianos fue la infección de vías urinarias complicada (48 %): el 24 % de los pacientes recibió más de un antibiótico de amplio espectro y el más utilizado fue el imipenem/cilastatina (34.4 %), seguido de la piperacilina/tazobactam y el cefepime, ambas con un 28.1 % y la vancomicina (9.4 %). El 48 % de las prescripciones fueron inadecuadas, se detectó la presencia de PRM en el 84 % de los pacientes. Conclusión: el diseño de un programa de atención farmacéutica en pacientes hospitalizados garantiza la identificación, prevención y/o solución de los problemas relacionados con medicamentos, su uso adecuado y la calidad de la atención.

Abstract Introduction: For several years there has been concern about the specific increase in the consumption of antimicrobials due to the problems they generate. For this reason it was decided design a pharmaceutical care program for hospitalized patients in open services to avoid the development of problems related to antimicrobial-associated drugs. Materials and methods: A retrospective study was conducted on the use of medications, of the prescription-indication type in a study sample of 25 patients who received broad-spectrum antimicrobials in the internal medicine area of the José María Velasco Ibarra Hospital from April to July. 2016. Results: 76 % of the patients were women; The most frequent pathology that required the use of antimicrobials was complicated urinary tract infection (48 %>); 24 % of patients received more than one broad spectrum antibiotic and the most widely used was imipenem/cilastatin (34.4 %), followed by piperacillin / tazobactam and cefepime, both with 28.1 % and vancomycin (9.4 %); 48 % of the prescriptions were inadequate, the presence of PRM was detected in 84 % of the patients. Conclusion: The design of a pharmaceutical care program in hospitalized patients guarantees the identification, prevention and / or solution of the problems related to medicines, their proper use and the quality of care.

Resumo Introdução: desde há vários anos existe preocupação pelo incremento específico no consumo de antimicrobianos pelos problemas que estes geram. Por tal motivo decidiu-se desenhar um programa de atenção farmacêutica em pacientes hospitalizados em serviços abertos para evitar o desenvolvimento de problemas relacionados com medicamentos associados a antimicrobianos. Materiais e métodos: realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de utilização de medicamentos, do tipo prescrição-indicação em uma amostra de estudo de 25 pacientes que receberam antimicrobianos de amplo espectro na área de medicina interna do Hospital José María Velasco Ibarra desde abril até julho de 2016. Resultados: o 76 % dos pacientes foram mulheres; a patologia mais frequente que requereu a utilização de antimicrobianos foi a infeção de vias urinárias complicada (48 %); o 24 % dos pacientes recebeu mais de um antibiótico de amplo espectro e o mais utilizado foi o imipeném/cilastatina (34.4 %), seguido da piperacilina/tazobactam e o cefepima, ambas as duas com um 28.1 % e a vancomicina (9.4 %>); o 48 % das prescrições foram inadequadas, detectou-se a presença de PRM no 84 % dos pacientes. Conclusão: o desenho de um programa de atenção farmacêutica em pacientes hospitalizados garante a identificação, prevenção e/ou solução dos problemas relacionados com medicamentos, o uso adequado dos mesmos, e a qualidade da atenção.

Prise en charge des infections materno-fœtales bactériennes dans le service de néonatologie de l'Hôpital Mère Enfant de N'Djamena au Tchad

Introduction : les décès des nouveau-nés demeurent encore un problème majeur de santé en Afrique malgré les ressources déployées. Le diagnostic des infections bactériennes materno-fœtales semble être souvent fait en excès avec un usage abusif des antibiotiques. L'objectif de l'étude était d'analyser les critères de diagnostic des infections materno-fœtales bactériennes et d'apprécier l'usage abusif des antibiotiques. Patients et méthodes : il s'agissait d'une enquête descriptive réalisée dans le service de Néonatologie de l'hôpital de la Mère et de l'Enfant de Ndjamena et basée sur l'étude des dossiers de tous les nouveau-nés hospitalisés au cours de la période du 1er Janvier au 30 Avril 2019 avec un âge inférieur à 72 heures de vie à l'admission, diagnostiqués pour une infection materno-fœtale et ayant reçu une antibiothérapie pendant au moins 48 heures. L'antibiothérapie a été considérée comme abusive si elle n'avait pas été arrêtée à la 48ème heure, en l'absence de tout argument biologique en faveur d'une infection materno-fœtale bactérienne. Résultats : Sur 404 nouveau-nés hospitalisés au cours de la période d'étude, 170 étaient retenus pour infection maternofœtale soit une fréquence de 42%. En se basant sur les critères rigoureusement définis d'infection néonatale certaine, d'infection néonatale probable ou pas d'infection néonatale, la fréquence était de 16,3% avec 1 cas d'infection certaine et 65 cas d'infection probable. Les nouveau-nés prématurés représentaient 24,2% du lot. Les détresses respiratoires et les signes neurologiques étaient les principales manifestations cliniques à l'admission. Tous les nouveau-nés avaient reçu comme antibiotiques Céfotaxime et Gentamycine. L'évolution s'était faite vers le décès dans 19,7% des cas et chez 62,5% des nouveau-nés prématurés. Le point de l'antibiothérapie à 48 heures d'hospitalisation a été faite chez 15,3% des nouveau-nés. L'usage des antibiotiques n'était pas justifié et était considéré comme abusif chez les 104 nouveau-nés ne présentant pas une infection soit 25% des admissions du service. Conclusion : La fréquence des infections materno-fœtales était surestimée à 42% dans le service de néonatologie de Ndjamena avec un taux d'usage abusif des antibiotiques de 25%. Cela amène à suggérer le renforcement des capacités sur la prévention des infections en maternité et une meilleure application des recommandations de l'Agence nationale d'accréditation et d'évaluation en santé

Facteurs pronostiques des intoxications aigues de l'enfant en réanimation à Abidjan (RCI)

Introduction : l'intoxication aigue de l'enfant est un problème de santé publique. Devant la diversité des produits incriminés, le nombre croissant des cas d'intoxication et de décès enregistrés, cette étude a été réalisée dans l'objectif de déterminer les facteurs pronostics des intoxications aigues de l'enfant en réanimation. Patients et méthodes : il s'agissait d'une étude rétrospective, descriptive et analytique réalisée du 1er juin 2017 au 1er juin 2018, incluant les patients âgés de zéro à 15 ans admis en réanimation au CHU de Cocody pour intoxication aigue. Les données épidémio-cliniques, thérapeutiques évolutifs et pronostiques ont été étudiées. La saisie et le traitement des données ont été effectués à l'aide du logiciel Epi Info. Les comparaisons statistiques étaient basées sur le test de Fischer exact avec comme seuil de significativité p < 0,05. Résultats : la prévalence de l'intoxication aigue était de 55% avec un âge moyen de 4,58 ans (six mois - 15 ans). La sex-ratio était de 1,16. Les caustiques et les médicaments étaient les plus incriminés (66,67%) selon un mode de survenue accidentel (94,64%). Le délai moyen d'admission était de deux heures 45 minutes (une et dix heures), avec 79,56% d'admission avant la sixième heure. La symptomatologie étaient de type pulmonaire (53,76%), oto-rhino-laryngologique (35,48%), digestive (18,27%) et neurologique (16,21%). L'automédication (83,87 %) était faite par ingestion forcée d'huile de palme (64,51%). La durée de séjour variait de six heures à cinq jours. La létalité était de 5,37%. Les facteurs de mauvais pronostic étaient les toxiques alimentaires (p=0,00), la présence de signes neurologiques (p=0,00), le long délai d'admission (p =0,02), la longue durée du séjour (p= 0,006) et l'assistance ventilatoire (p=0,03) ; Conclusion : les intoxications aigues et accidentelles étaient fréquentes chez les enfants en bas âge à la maison entre douze heures et dix-huit heures. Les toxiques incriminés étaient les caustiques et les médicaments. L'identification des cinq facteurs pronostiques devrait améliorer la prise en charge ultérieure de tous nouveaux cas

Abus médicamenteux et céphalées chroniques à Brazzaville: profil et parcours thérapeutique des patients

Introduction: les céphalées par abus médicamenteux (CAM) restent le type de céphalées le moins étudié en Afrique.Méthodes: dans le but de rapporter l'expérience Brazzavilloise, nous avons mené une étude longitudinale durant 4 ans, de septembre 2010 à août 2014, en consultation de neurologie à Brazzaville. Nous avons inclus tous les patients présentant des céphalées primaires chroniques selon la classification International Classification of Headache Disorders-2 (ICHD-2). Tout patient présentant des céphalées secondaires ou n'ayant pas donné son consentement a été exclu. Les patients ont été divisés en deux groupes: ceux ayant évolué vers une CAM, et ceux qui ne présentent pas des critères d'abus médicamenteux (sans-CAM). Les variables d'études ont été sociodémographiques, les caractéristiques de la céphalée primaire initiale et la prise en charge de la CAM.Résultats: sur 212 patients inclus, 193 ont constitué notre population d'étude. L'âge moyen de 42±14 ans, dont 66,32% de femmes. La fréquence des CAM était de 35,75%. Les facteurs associés identifiés étaient: l'âge jeune (p=0,003), l'utilisation de l'association antiinflammatoire non stéroïdien (AINS) et paracétamol (p=0,0001) et l'automédication (p<0,0001). Par contre, le niveau d'instruction supérieur (p<0,0001) et l'utilisation de l'AINS seul (0,002) étaient protecteurs contre la survenue de la CAM. Le sevrage ambulatoire a été le plus pratiqué, l'amitriptyline reste le médicament le plus utilisé.Conclusion: les CAM sont fréquentes en consultation de neurologie en Afrique et méritent d'être identifiées pour une meilleure prise en charge

Use of antibiotics by adults: a population-based cross-sectional study

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: The consumption of antibiotics has been widely discussed, mainly because of antibacterial resistance, which has become a worldwide concern. In Brazil, sale of antibiotics is currently ruled by Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) regulation RDC 20/2011, which restricts sales to those made under medical prescription. The aims of this study were to evaluate antibiotic use and associated factors among adults in the Metropolitan Region of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil, and to assess the proportion of self-medication from this use. DESIGN AND SETTING: Population-based cross-sectional study conducted in the Metropolitan Region of Manaus between May and August 2015. METHODS: Adults aged ≥ 18 years were selected through probabilistic sampling in three stages. Trained interviewers collected data from the participants in their homes. Antibiotic consumption over the last 15 days was reported. Bivariate analysis was used to calculate the prevalence ratio (PR) of antibiotic usage, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). A multivariate model adjusted according to significant variables at P ≤ 0.20 using Poisson regression with robust variance was constructed. RESULTS: The prevalence of antibiotic use was 3.4% (95% CI 2.8-4.0%). Adjusted analysis showed that consumption was higher among women than among men (PR 1.58; 95% CI 1.11-2.24) and among people with fair health status than among those with good health (PR 1.52; 95% CI 1.08-2.15). The prevalence of self-medication was 19.0%; amoxicillin was the most self-medicated antibiotic (10/26). CONCLUSION: Antibiotic use was associated with women and individuals with fair health status. One fifth of the antibiotics were consumed through self-medication, contrary to the current Brazilian legislation.

Neuropatía úptica isquémica anterior unilateral asociada con ergotismo / Anterior unilateral ischemic optic neuropathy associated to ergotism

Case report of a patient with ergotism. ergotism is a complication of acute intoxication of chronic abuse of ergot derivates. Ergot is a fungus that grows on rye and less commonly on other grases such as wheat. Ergotism is a severe reaction to ergocontaminated food (such as rye bread). Ergot refers to a group of fungi of the genus Claviceps. It is a condition that develops of longterm ingestion of ergotamines. In excess, ergotamine can cause symptos such as hallucinations, severe gastrointestinal upset, a type-of dry gangrene and a pain-ful sensation in the extremities. Our patient is presented with anterior unilateral ischemic optic neuropathy. The studies performed and the clinical evaluatiion, are presented, and the treatment the same as the follow-up, are described in the article.

Reacciones sistémicas por la toxicidad del diclofenaco / Systemic reactions caused by the toxicity of Diclofenac

Diclofenaco es un fármaco de variado uso por su libre venta en todos los países. Es un derivado de fenil-acético con propiedades analgésicas, antiinflamatorias y antipiréti-cas, debido a su mecánismo de acción: inhi-bición de las ciclooxigenasas con mediana selectividad hacia la ciclooxigenasa. Su principal indicación es para dolor de leve a moderado. El tiempo de uso del diclofenaco dependerá de la forma y objetivo de aplica-ción; los efectos adversos están estrecha-mente relacionados con el tiempo de uso y la idiosincrasia de cada persona. Algunas de las consecuencias destacables se manifies-tan en el sistema gastrointestinal, hematoló-gico, hepático, cardiaco, renal, sistema nervioso central y piel. El uso prescrito del diclofenaco, es de 3 - 5 días y se relaciona con la inducción de dispepsia, esofagitis, náuseas, vómitos, cefaleas e hipercoagula-bilidad, mientras que el uso crónico, alrede-dor de 90 días, puede inducir el desarrollo de hipertensión arterial, accidente cerebro vascular, infarto agudo al miocardio, hepati-tis fulminante, hemorragias gástricas, úlce-ras pépticas, fallo renal agudo, entre otras. El síndrome de Steven-Johnson y la necró-lisis epidérmica tóxica, son reacciones de hipersensibilidad relacionados con el tiempo de uso de este fármaco. Entre otros efectos del diclofenaco encontramos el bloqueo de los canales de sodio, calcio y potasio depen-dientes de voltaje, mecanismo por el cual causa analgesia sin la inhibición de la forma ción de prostaglandinas...(AU)

Drug administration adjustments for elderly patients with dysphagia: A case report / Ajustes da administração de medicamentos para pacientes idosos com disfagia: um relato de caso

ABSTRACT An elderly patient, aged 76 years, diagnosed with dysphagia, depression, hypothyroidism, Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive deficit, was identified with sertraline and levothyroxine- drug-related problems. Medication Therapy Management (MTM) was used to adjust therapy to the patient's needs by macerating sertraline tablets and solubilizing them in 10-30 mL of orange juice. The patient was advised to take levothyroxine after fasting. Six months later, pharmaceutical follow-up identified an increase in the Mini-Mental State Exam score from 22 to 26 and a decrease in the Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) scale score from 1.0 to 0.5 in conjunction with mood and physical improvements, as well as a significant decrease in aggressiveness and agitation. Cognitive deficit may be a result of poor drug administration procedures, leading to drug ineffectiveness. Optimizing levothyroxine and sertraline administration, based on knowledge of their physicochemical properties, improves their clinical effectiveness, including the cognition of patients with Alzheimer's disease and dysphagia.

RESUMO Paciente idosa, 76 anos, diagnosticada com disfagia, depressão, hipotireoidismo, doença de Alzheimer e déficit cognitivo leve, foram identificados problemas relacionados com a sertralina e levotiroxina. O Gerenciamento da Terapia Medicamentosa foi usado para ajustar a terapia às necessidades da paciente, macerando comprimidos de sertralina e solubilizando-os em 10-30 mL de suco de laranja. Foi recomendado a paciente tomar levotiroxina após o jejum. Seis meses depois, o seguimento farmacêutico identificou um aumento no score da escala Mini-Mental de 22 para 26 e Avaliação Clínica da Demência (CDR) de 1,0 para 0,5 em conjunto com melhorias físicas e de humor, bem como uma diminuição significativa na agressividade e agitação. O déficit cognitivo pode ser o resultado de procedimentos de administração inadequada de fármacos, levando à ineficácia do fármaco. A otimização da administração de levotiroxina e sertralina, com conhecimento de suas propriedades físico-químicas, melhora sua efetividade clínica, incluindo a cognição do paciente com a doença de Alzheimer e disfagia.

Intervenções farmacêuticas em prescrições pediátricas: uma revisão narrativa / Pharmaceutical interventions in pediatric prescriptions: a narrative review

As intervenções farmacêuticas (IFs) são um componente importante no papel do farmacêutico clínico na prevenção de eventos adversos relacionados a medicamentos. A maioria dos estudos aborda as IFs em pacientes adultos e ainda há uma lacuna de informações sobre essas intervenções na população pediátrica. Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa sobre as IFs em prescrições de medicamentos de pacientes pediátricos internados em hospitais. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre julho e agosto de 2018 em três bases de dados e foram selecionados artigos publicados entre janeiro de 2010 a julho de 2018. As IFs apresentaram resultados positivos para os pacientes pediátricos. No total, foram descritos 35700 IFs realizadas com uma taxa de aceitação média de 92% por parte dos prescritores nos estudos que quantificaram a aceitação. A classe de medicamentos mais envolvidas nas IFs foi a de anti-infecciosos. Através dos estudos é possível concluir que as IFs podem beneficiar a segurança do paciente e levar à identificação de potenciais erros, além da prevenção de eventos adversos relacionados a terapia medicamentosa. São necessárias pesquisas contínuas que utilizem métodos padronizados para avaliar desfechos e eventos, permitindo assim a comparação entre resultados. (AU)

Pharmaceutical interventions (PIs) are an important component of the role of the clinical pharmacist in preventing drug-related adverse events. Most studies have addressed PIs in adult patients and there is still a lack of information on these interventions in the pediatric population. This narrative review focuses on PIs in prescriptions of pediatric patients admitted to hospitals. Data collection was performed from July to August 2018 in three databases, and articles published from January 2010 to July 2018 were selected. The reported PIs showed positive results for pediatric patients. In total, 35,700 PIs were performed with an average acceptance rate of 92% by prescribers in the studies that measured acceptance. The most common class of drugs used in PIs was anti-infective drugs. Based on the studies, a possible conclusion is that PIs may contribute to patient safety and lead to identification of potential errors as well as prevention of drug-related adverse events. Further research using standardized methods is required to evaluate outcomes and events, thus allowing a comparison between results. (AU)